Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera

Brochure More information from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ Digital Camera Market in India 2012 Description: Digital camera market in India can be characterized with strong growth potential in the ensuing years. Currently, the market is mainly dominated by a handful of players and a cut-throat competition exists amongst these players. The market was valued at INR 17. 5 bn during the fiscal year 2010 and is expected to attain a CAGR of 43% to reach INR 104. 6 bn by 2015. Rising disposable income and increased consumerism primary boosts the market in India.The report begins with a market overview, which provides an insight to the overall digital camera market. It describes the primary reasons which are propelling the market forward. The section also talks about the prevailing competition amongst major players and the market size and growth figures in India in terms of revenue as well as total camera units. This section also features Porter’s five forces a nalysis of the digital camera market in India, thereby offering a clear picture of the market scenario and market entry barriers for prospective new entrants.This section is followed by the technology section which enlightens the readers about the image sensors used in digital cameras for producing images. The sensors discussed in the report comprise of CMOS and CCD sensors. The section enlists the working procedures and advantages of these sensors, thereby providing detailed information about the Pros and Cons of each individual sensor. Distribution model section of the report briefly summarizes the various channels of product distribution, adopted by major players in the market to sell their products.It brings forth the present marketing strategies put in place by the players so as to increase their market reach and penetration. Pricing strategy analysis of top three vendors in the market have been derived after an in-depth analysis of the players concerned. The list generated aft er the research offers valuable insight about the various lucrative segments in the market. This section also features a separate analysis column which helps in clearly distinguishing the prime product segments on which these vendors primarily emphasize on.An analysis of the drivers and challenges explains the factors leading to the growth of the market including increased disposable income, declining prices, rise in e-commerce, increased travel plans and growing inclination for digital cameras. Strong opportunity exists in the market as increasing disposable income and higher consumption pattern drive the demand for digital cameras. This coupled with the fact that the increasing travel plans and constant decline of prices will lead to a developing market.Additionally, growing tendency to own a digital camera and to be able to share images online will fuel growth in this market. The key challenges identified are presence of grey market and emergence of Smart devices with camera feat ures. Basically, grey markets sell products prior to their official launch at comparatively lower prices and hence consumers are attracted by the fact of getting the latest product first hand, which in turn reduces the revenue generated by the overall market.The unprecedented growth in adoption of smart devices capable of capturing high quality images is also a factor hindering the full fledged growth in the market. A majority of the population still prefer devices such as Smartphones as a substitute of digital cameras. The prime reason for this tendency happens to be the common notion to own a multifunction product. Trends identified in the market comprise of introduction of mirrorless cameras, maintaining an India specific product portfolio, providing attractive features and specific focus on a particular range of products.Some of the key players in the market have introduced the mirrorless cameras in their product portfolio. This segment has attracted a lot of attention as these products have a comparatively lower body weight and are much more compact as compared to bulky DSLR cameras and hence owing to the portability quotient, these devices are finding a growing acceptability amongst both consumers as well vendors. It is also seen that most of the major players in the market India specific product portfolio wherein they price their products by keeping in mind the fact that India is a price sensitive country.Off late, the digital camera market has also seen the emergence of products with attractive features such as swivel LCD screens, direct image sharing over the internet, HD video recording and 3D imaging amongst other. Players are primarily incorporating these attractive features so as to lure consumers and gain a competitive edge over their competitors. Lastly, the key players in the market have exhibited a common tendency to bank upon a particular range of products. They spend a substantial amount of their operating expenses for the marketing of these products.This strategy is primarily adopted so as to increase brand visibility and awareness amongst consumers. The competition section provides detailed information about the competitive landscape in the market and includes a detailed profile of the major players in the market. This section covers crucial information about the players such as their corporate information, business highlights, a brief history of their respective corporate activities and sales intelligence. It further elaborates on the player’s detailed SWOT analysis and a comprehensive list of their product portfolio.A separate section on the future strategies of key vendors is also included in the report which gives value added information about the future plans of the top vendors in the market. This section highlights the key areas which these vendors are currently focusing on, so as to generate a better amount of revenue and garner a larger share in the overall market. The report concludes with a section o n strategic recommendations which comprises of an analysis of the growth strategies of the digital camera market in India. Contents:Page 1: Executive Summary Market Overview Page 2: Digital Camera Market – Overview; Digital camera – Market Size (FY 2010-2015e), Page 3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis – Digital Camera Market Technology Page 4: Image Sensors – Working; Advantages Distribution Model Page 5: Distribution Model – Consumer Electronic Stores, Retail Showroom, Channel Partners, Distributors and Dealers Pricing Strategy Analysis of Top 3 Vendors Page 6: Pricing Strategy – Point and Shoot Segment Page 7: Pricing Strategy – DSLR Segment Drivers and Challenges Page 8: Summary Page 9-13: Drivers Page 14: Challenges Trends Page 15: Summary 16-17: Trends Competition Page 18: Canon Inc – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 19: Canon Inc – SWOT Analysis Page 20-23: C anon Inc – Product Portfolio Page 24: Eastman Kodak Company – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business HighlightsPage 25: Eastman Kodak Company – SWOT Analysis Page 26: Eastman Kodak Company – Product Portfolio Page 27: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 28: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – SWOT Analysis Page 29-31: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – Product Portfolio Page 32: Nikon Corp – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 33: Nikon Corp – SWOT Analysis Page 34-36: Nikon Corp – Product Portfolio Page 37: Olympus – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 38: Olympus – SWOT Analysis Page 39-41: Olympus – Product Portfolio Page 42: Panasonic Corporation – Corporate Information; Sales Int elligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 43: Panasonic Corporation – SWOT Analysis Page 44-47: Panasonic Corporation – Product Portfolio Page 48: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 49: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – SWOT Analysis Page 50-53: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Product Portfolio Page 54: Sony Corp – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 55: Sony Corp – SWOT Analysis Page 56-57: Sony Corp – Product Portfolio Future Strategies of Key Vendors Page 58: Future Strategy – Major Players Strategic Recommendations Page 59: Strategic Recommendations List of Charts & Figures Market Overview 1. Digital Camera Market Size – Revenue (FY10 – FY15e) 2. Digital Camera Market Size – Volume (2010-2015e) 3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Pricing Strategy – Digital Camera Market 4. Pricing Strategy – Point and Shoot Segment 5. Pricing Strategy – DSLR Segment Drivers and Challenges 6. 7. 8. 9. Total no. f household (mn) – (2005, 2015e, 2025e) Aggregate Annual Disposable Income (2005, 2015e, 2025e) e-Commerce market growth – India (2010 – 2015e) Travel and Tourism – Size and Growth (2010 – 2020e) List of Tables Distribution Model 1. Sales Channel – Major Vendors Competition 2. Major Players a. Corporate Information b. Sales Intelligence c. SWOT Analysis d. Product Portfolio Future Strategy of Key Vendors 3. Future Strategy – Major Vendors Ordering: Order Online – http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Page 1 of 2 Fax Order FormTo place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the i nformation below and fax the completed form to 646-6071907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). If you have any questions please visit http://www. researchandmarkets. com/contact/ Order Information Please verify that the product information is correct and select the format(s) you require. Product Name: Web Address: Office Code: Digital Camera Market in India 2012 http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ OC8DJJJMQQSOPR Product Formats Please select the product formats and quantity you require: Quantity Electronic Single User: Electronic Site License: Electronic Enterprisewide: EUROâ‚ ¬ 595. 00 EUROâ‚ ¬ 1,190. 0 EUROâ‚ ¬ 1,785. 00 Contact Information Please enter all the information below in BLOCK CAPITALS Title: First Name: Email Address: * Job Title: Organisation: Address: City: Postal / Zip Code: Country: Phone Number: Fax Number: * Please refrain from using free email accounts when ordering (e. g. 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Why Did Henry Break with Rome?

Why Did Henry Break With Rome? Henry the VIII broke from Rome because of four main reasons: money, power, religion and succession. Some of the main reasons are linked together, one example is succession which is linked to power. By having a son he thought it would maintain his power at the throne when he was no longer ruler. I think that power was the most important reason. I think this because if he broke away from the Church of Rome, he could take control of the church.This meant that he could unlock the riches that the church held. By doing this he could pay for the wars he fought and the power he had over his people. He also would have more money to leave in the treasury, not only for himself but future generations. The money would lead to power; his greatest desire. To carry this power on he wanted it to be entrusted in a son. All the reasons link together to show his need for power as king. One of the reasons why Henry broke from the Roman Church was because he needed money.Whe n Henry was made king he was short of money because he had fought lots of expensive wars. Henry then noticed that the church had a lot of money. If he took over the church all of its treasury would be his. Source 1 states that â€Å"monasteries were very rich and owned about a quarter of the land in the country†, so he could then close down the monasteries, take their money and sell of the land. Henry needed the money for power so that he could then build a stronger army and fight more wars.This would then show that he was a powerful king. Money is not the most important reason but it is an important reason. Another reason he broke from the Roman Church is because he wanted power and control over his people. Henry wanted to make sure that he was in total control of England so he needed to get rid of anyone that might threaten his position including the pope. In 1534 the pope announced that Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn was invalid. So Henry reacted by saying that the pope no longer had authority in England.

Performance of Fresh And Hardened Concrete Essay

Performance of Fresh And Hardened Concrete - Essay Example The researcher states that today there is an increasing trend for using recycled materials to create new concrete in order to increase sustainability and decrease costs among other factors. The effects of the recycled aggregates on the created concrete can be minimal to significant depending on a host of factors. The properties of concrete are affected both in the fresh state and in the hardened state and so there is great need to understand how the use of recycled aggregates affects concrete. The various kinds of recycled aggregates in use include recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), recycled wash glass sand, recycled rubber tyres and others. This text will attempt to analyse the effects of recycled aggregates on the fresh properties of concrete and on the properties of hardened concrete. Based on the investigations and results presented above it is obvious that the addition of recycled aggregates affects the properties of concrete significantly. The inclusion of recycled aggregates t o concrete helps to increase the sustainability and reduce the cost of the build but compromises on the strength achieved. Therefore concrete created with these methods can be utilised for less demanding tasks that require lower loading. In some cases however, the addition of aggregates has helped improve some of concrete’s abilities especially fresh concrete’s workability and other properties. More investigation into creating concrete with the inclusion of aggregates can help to boost sustainability and decrease costs further.

Google company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Google company - Essay Example The company has attachments to education and libraries as part of their company culture as stated in Guyette, (2007, p. 2). This is a marketing approach implemented to improve the market share. Most of the students are loyal customers of Google and help improve their brand name all over the world. Other contributors to the market share are partnerships and a wide range of advertising done using Ad Words (Guyette, 2007, p. p. 2). Google’s plan is to make more acquisitions internationally to add on the products that people require and, therefore, fill that market gap and to be more competitive with the competitors in an effort of trying to catch up (Guyette, 2007, p. p. 2). Therefore, this paper focuses on the marketing strategies of Google while evaluating its internal and external environments. Introduction Google, the most popular search engine, was founded by two Stanford students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Because of its popularity, it has captured the market attributed t o an industrious and innovative marketing plan team. Innovation is achieved by the many uses that google.com does to its customers who are the revenue earners of any organization as indicated by Fifield (2007, p. 23). The role of every organization is to achieve market success and this achievement is dependent on the customers’ preference. Thereby it is the role of the marketing departments in the organization to win the customers preference. Google has leverage over the other competitors who have led to its competitive advantage in the variety of uses that it grants the customer. The competitive advantage over the other firms instills focus to the marketing program of a firm as stated in Ferrell &Hartline (2011, p. 19). Google’s marketing strategy is evident on the fulfillment of the want s and needs that the customers desire. It has incorporated all the individuals, companies, organizations and any interested parties through segregation of these target groups as a ma rketing program in the market strategy. Through the use of its strengths and opportunities and constant awareness of weakness and threats imposed on it, the marketing strategy can be formulated matching the needs and requirements of the market ventured (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011, p. 19). Google controls 40% of the market and estimates to control 70% of the market in the near future. The control of the market varies according to countries. For Instance, in a country like France; Google takes 71% of the market share. This reduced market share is caused by the competitors in the market. In the US alone, Google controls 67% of the search market. This was achieved in November 2012 but dipped just slightly in December hitting 66.7% of market share (Goodwin, 2012, p. 2). This significant market dominance is a milestone for Google as a company and as a brand name despite all the competition. Goodwin (2012, p. 2) continues to explain the effect of the competitors on the search market. For exa mple, Microsoft, even with the addition of Bing-powered searches, is way far behind Google. The competition between yahoo and Bing in the month of January 2012 significantly led to the rise of Google’s market share (Goodwin, 2012, p. 3). Google faces its competition from other companies that are to the same goal of giving people

ACCIDENT victim interview retport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACCIDENT victim interview retport - Essay Example In the course of the tasks requiring patients to be carried to change positions or to be assisted in going to the toilet, Ms. NA had to contend with exerting much effort to assist a patient who was apparently overweight. She was asked to assist the patient to go to the bathroom. Normally, there was a family member to assist, in addition to just relying on Ms. NA. However, since the family member had an important errand to make, Ms. NA was left alone to do the task. She managed to take the patient to and from the bathroom but the weight was already pressing on her arms and hands. When she had to exert one more full effort to ensure that the patient is situated comfortably on the bed, she felt that she has extreme pain on her right hand and felt extreme back pains and had to be relieved from the remaining time in her job that particular day. The date that the injury happened was September 5, 2012. From the occupational injuries noted, Ms. NA filed for absence from work due to sickness for one week, starting on the date of the injury, September 5 up to September 10, 2012. From examination with an orthopedic doctor, it was revealed that though there was no dislocation on her right hand, there appears to be swelling due to muscle strain. Further, examination on her back also noted lower back injuries, in conjunction with musculoskeletal disorders. In this regard, five days leave was prescribed with medications ranging from anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin supplements, and intermittent occupational therapy on the affected areas. The incident did not result in OSHA visit since it was assumed that the occupational injuries and illnesses were sustained as normal and regular part of Ms. NA’s responsibilities as nursing aide. However, since the nurse manager was advised on the incident, it was evident that there were changes to the workplace that were needed. As such, it was evaluated that nursing aides who are

Literal Intelligence Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literal Intelligence Paper - Essay Example While the US initially supported the people of the South’s vote for full independence in 2011, the continuing economic depreciation and ethnic violence is becoming a high point of concern. Civilian deaths and instability continue to be a prominent feature of the Sudanese landscape; the US the State Department and the National Security Council need to be concerned with collecting timely and relevant information about the volatile region to make responsive military decisions if needed. Intelligence management for any scenario needs to start with the proper determination of the data requirement and purpose of collection. Unless these perimeters are not decided from the start the intelligence collection process can be led astray because of the variety of sources available and chances of unsystematic data collection. The intelligence networks have to be developed efficiently to minimize the investment of resources in order to gather the maximum amount of relevant and actionable information. The process must include the following steps: It is advised that Literal Intelligence techniques may be utilized for the collection plan; as the situation in Sudan is still critical but the humanist nature of the conflicts taking place, means that analysis that provide â€Å"access to human thought processes† (Clark, 2013). Literal information is collection on the form of communication that is used every day and can be easily understood my non-experts, further more it can be easily substantiated from public sources of information allowing a more convenient format for data collection. It is suggested that the US intelligence plan on Sudan should comprise of two stages of data collection, which would provide effect and efficient access to relevant data as needed at this point: Open-source intelligence  (OSINT) is wholly collected from publicly available sources. These overt mediums of information exchange are becoming increasingly efficient as the world wide web and advanced

Who has been the most successful Prime Minister since 1945 and why Essay

Who has been the most successful Prime Minister since 1945 and why - Essay Example She is the first woman prime minister in history of United Kingdom. She is regarded as an iron lady by the political government more specifically the law makers, have referred her as the most successful prime minister since 1945 during the world war due her decisive nature. She managed to pip Clement Attlee labor party, a driving force that was researched by the international and political relations undergraduates when they spoke to more than 158 MPs at Royal Holloway University in London (Garnett 2007, p. 172). The research involved Clement Attlee, Gordon Brown and Margret Thatcher. From the research, many members of parliament based their arguments on decisive nature inherent in the prime ministers. It was seen that decisiveness was more significant, important, and progressive than energy, principles, intelligence, honesty or ruthlessness. The above leaders lacked the decisiveness nature that was inherent in Margret Thatcher. The outcome showed that she scored an aggregate score of 7.4 and Attlee scored 7.3, Tony Blair 6.8 and Winston Churchill who scored an average of 6.5. There are other prime ministers who fell below the category in the survey. In addition, Dr Nicholas Allen, a senior political lecturer at Royal Holloway’s who managed the survey had overseen the survey stated categorically that Margret Thatcher held a very special place in the minds of United Kingdom MPs. As much as Mrs. Thatcher policies were economical, they were also moral. In this regarded she confronted the empires of socialism and communism. During the political struggle, her beliefs were first tuned. In effect, there was a little change in comparison to what she resonated in Grantham (Stepney 2014, p.134). There are several prime ministers who have been in Downing Street for long, but the prime minister who resonates in the minds of people is Lady Thatcher. She is the only prime minister with an â€Å"-ism† during her political

Employee Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Relations - Research Paper Example nd extends maximum opportunities to the employees to participate and furnish inputs in the organizational planning and decision making initiatives (Moynihan, 2008, p. 199). All the activities of an HR administrator need to be focused on the creation of effective performance leaders and extending motivation to employees. In that sense, in the contemporary health care organizations, the role of an HR administrator has graduated from merely being an evaluator to being a precursor and facilitator. Performance management is the key discipline that needs to be taken care of by the organizations striving to be leaders in terms of quality of patient care. Performance management involves a plethora of activities like goal setting, appraising performance, streamlining communication, extending coaching and feedback for enhancing performance, initiation and implementation of employee development programs, and rewarding achievements in a time and appropriate manner (Moynihan, 2008, p. 199). As a VP of HR in a health care institution, I came across multiple lacunas marring the performance management function in the organization I served. In an academic context it will be really interesting to delve on some of the salient performance management related faults I came across in my organization. One major performance management challenge faced by the organization in which I worked was a lack of clear purpose. Their did not exist any systematic mechanism for planning the organizational work and selecting pragmatic expectations, promptly rewarding good performance, placing a system for a continual monitoring of performance, extension of periodical feedback related to employee performance, and encouraging the development of a capacity to perform (Moynihan, 2008, p. 61). The organization simply lacked a clear perception of the factors that were critical to employee performance and a viable performance culture, based on individual accountability and a timely delivery of results

The role of humans in the global warming Term Paper

The role of humans in the global warming - Term Paper Example A war that is now fought with scientific data as the baseline, the rifts between the two opposing sides continues to widen with rising global temperatures, evidently, becoming grossly enjoined in the controversy. From the observed instrumental temperature records, the rising sea levels, to the disappearing glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere relative to the increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the indication that the present environmental state of affairs is massively man-made is beyond any reasonable doubt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (b) Change chapter 2). Indeed, from a sketchy â€Å"greenhouse† effect warning as a result of heat-trapping emissions due to global, heavy reliance on fossil fuels over the last two decades to the recent conviction of an increasing impact on the Earth's climate, coupled with deforestation, but to a lesser extent, the absolute certainty of man’s contribution to global warming has become even clearer. While scie ntific experts have fallen short of determining the precise amounts of warming attributable to human activities, recent measurements of the temperature increases of the world’s oceans relative to the expected amounts of warming from greenhouse gases, strengthen the IPPC consensus (Hansen 1433). Without a doubt, the observed dramatic increases in the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the advent of modern civilization, buoyed in part by industrial revolution, have been higher than at any other time in history (IPCC (a) chapter 12). As alluded above, the principal greenhouse gases [carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and the halocarbons (such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine)], each of which absorbs outgoing infrared radiation in the atmosphere, ultimately warming the planet, are all attributable to human activities. Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere have not only resulted from the use of fossil fuel s in transportation, cooling and the manufacture of cement and other goods, but have also emanated from decaying plants occasioned by deforestation (IPCC (b) 19-20). The alterations of natural land cover around the world, principally for crop production since the industrial era, have all negatively impacted global climate. Available evidence indicates that industrial activities over the past 150 years increased the level of Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million (IPPC (b) 54). Agriculture related activities and man’s increasing need of landfills have contributed more than stuffed Methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. The use of fertilizers has also done a fair share in the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Industrial use of halocarbons on the other hand has had irrefutable effects in stratospheric ozone depletion. A number of aerosols, now massively preset in the atmosphere, are the result of biomass burning and surface mining among other industrial processes (IPCC (b) chapter 8). The above human activities, in addition to many more similar activities, have all contributed to significant radioactive forcing in one way or another, consequently altering the earth’s surface temperatures over time. Accordingly, the 2013 revised, integrated scientific review of climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (7) has

The 'Colored Revolutions' of Eastern Europe During the 2000s Essay

The 'Colored Revolutions' of Eastern Europe During the 2000s - Essay Example It is certainly alluring to see the breakdown of the Soviet territory as the segment of a universal disintegration of autocracies. This opinion surely prejudiced how the democratic changeover in Eastern and Central Europe has been observed in the West (as the "end of history") as well as by some of its characters. Ten years after, nonetheless, even with widespread Western exertions at democracy advancement, the democratic current has rather withdrawn, leaving a depiction of accomplishments in Central Europe (along within Latin America and fragments of Asia) counterbalance by hindrances in the earlier Soviet Union and the Balkans (but similarly in China and most of Africa) (Jacques, 2000). The examination of the consequences of domestic changes for the local system of international dealings should take place from the implication of the main factors and procedures, which formed the post-soviet space design in the last decade. The first amongst these is the procedure of state and nation -structuring in the Afresh Independent States. Fresh political leaders in the previous Soviet states had a particular image of their state-projects which, as a law, protected Euro-Atlantic ambitions and, in reality, detached relations with Russia as well collaboration in the post-Soviet region from the list of primaries in their foreign policy schedules. Secondly, these objectives, along with the fluctuations in Europe and its boundary, stemmed in the participation of outside troupes in the post-soviet district - US, EU, NATO, and the Western European countries, and, some local actors, i.e. Poland, Turkey, China etc.

American Civil War Essay Example for Free

American Civil War Essay From the start of the Civil War until the end of the Reconstruction period, America faced what can be considered a revolution. During this time, many social and constitutional developments emerged and brought great change to the country. Social developments that contributed to the revolution were the Freedmen’s Bureau, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Black Codes. Constitutional events that sparked dispute were the three civil rights bills, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the reconstruction. Between 1860 and 1877, both constitutional and social developments merged to created drastic changes that threatened the balance of life in the United States, causing revolt throughout many Americans and bringing about reform to the nation. Before 1860, the United States was split into two sides fighting for power: the North and South. Slave states and free states were constantly competing for representation in Congress. In order to reduce conflict, the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were passed. Tensions lowered to a degree, but the compromises only delayed the inevitable discord. State’s rights was a critical topic during this time period. The south believed that they had the constitutional right to secede. After Lincoln was inaugurated in 1860, seven states seceded from the Union. Four more states followed after that. South Carolina, in particular, felt their rights had been stripped off of them, and challenged the Constitution of the United States. Document A) South Carolina feared the north would gain enough power that they would abolish slavery in the south, crippling their slave-based economy. This sequence of events induced the bloody Civil War, later leading to the enactment of the Emancipation Proclamation, which meant the freeing of slaves that were still under possession in 1863. Eventually, the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery, was passed. The end of the Civil War meant the end of bloodshed but the start of reconstruction of the nation. Although slaves were finally freed, it was still rough life for the freedmen. Some blacks felt betrayed by their own government. They were baffled at the fact that they fought for their nation but could not vote for their representatives. In the petition to the Union convention of Tennessee, it is stated that blacks were treated unfairly in court, as the courts would not even receive â€Å"negro testimony. † (Document C) Gideon Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy wrote in a diary that the Federal Government has no control of whether or not blacks can vote; he felt it was up to the states to decide. Document D) In attempts to unite the nation, several acts were put into effect. The Freedmen’s Bureau, for example, was set up to help blacks read and write in order to counteract their disadvantages in education. It also provided food shelter, welfare, and medical attention to those affected by the war. Unfortunately, some acts were not in favor of the blacks, such as the Black Codes. The Black Codes prohibited blacks from renting land or e ven borrowing money to buy land. It also forced them to sign working contracts, synonymous to slavery. President Johnson felt that the Black Codes were necessary because he did not want America becoming â€Å"Africanized. † In a petition to the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, some African Americans felt their promised rights were being neglected. (Document E) On the other hand, political actions were taking place in the struggle for equal rights for all Americans. Republicans were taking control of government and were also ignoring the orders of President Johnson. Radical Republicans were struggling for equal rights throughout nation. In 1866, the Civil Rights Act was created. This act stated that African Americans were United States citizens, shielding them from the Black Codes, and essentially overriding the Dred Scott decision. Shortly after came the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The changing of the Constitution to include the 14th amendment was considered revolutionary. (Document F) President Johnson was impeached in 1868 due to 11 crimes and misdemeanors. He was the first president in history to get impeached. After his impeachment, blacks now started to receive more equal treatment. Blacks were finally able to vote in the 1868 election, which ended up giving the Republicans a victory. (Document G) The 15th amendment was also added to the Constitution, prohibiting any state from denying a citizen the right to vote. Although revolution was going positively throughout, the creation of the Ku Klux Klan was a negative addition. Their goal was to terrorize and scare blacks by force. (Document I) In 1870, Congress decided to ban these secret organizations and enforce the 14th and 15th amendments through the Force Acts. Document H) All in all, between 1860 and 1877, both constitutional and social developments caused great reform in America. Revolutionary ideas such as the freedom of slaves, anti-secession, and rebellion played a key factor throughout these years. The once estranged country was back on track as a unified whole. African Americans, as a result of constant struggle, gained their rights and freedom. It is safe to say that the United States faced a period of reconstruction, which amounted to the shaping of the country.

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay Flexibility is a way to help people define how and when work is done, flexibility helps employers and employees work effectively to enable the organisation achieve its objectives. (Simonetta Manfredi, Director, Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University.) Flexibility is all about creating a situation where both the employer and employee benefit from the schedule of work, creating a balance between individual needs and delivering of service. (Helen Gibbs, Senior Personnel Adviser, London Borough of Sutton) Flexible working relates to working time, pattern of work and location of work (ACAS PAGE 6). Many employers in united kingdom have introduced a range of flexible working options for their employees. In (2004) the workplace employement relations survey (WERS) discovered that a good number of employees ( over 70 percent) gave some kind of flexible working option to employees and these has increased from the results of the survey carried out by workplace employme nt relations survey in 1998 ( Kersley et al, 2005). These increase in flexible working option by employers was propelled as a result of growing need for work life balance ( Bailyn et al, 2001). In the United Kingdom, legistlative support for parents who have young children that are disabled these would enable them to adapt a more flexible working practise because they offer employees the opportunity to choose where and where they want to work Vlasios Sarantinos (2007). For flexible working practise to work effectively there must be a transparent and accessible process that will be used to manage flexible request made by employees, this enables employees feel that the organisation is treating them fairly and their request for a different type of working arrangement is being looked into. In these essay i am going to be critically reviewing the role that flexibility can play in the work place. Building the culture Theres a clear set of shared values, including the service user comes first, and people mean business. Service users come to the office regularly so that backroom employees can meet them and have a sense of what the service is about. These values underpin the companys approach to flexible working. Employees feel they belong to something and are pushed to achieve their full potential. Management is hands on: managers will not hand work out to their staff unless they are able to do the work themselves. All managers have to do a care shift once a month so they dont lose touch with the needs of service users and employees. Internal communication is reinforced by open days, where the chief executive meets staff informally. Thirty per cent of managers diary time is non-prescribed, so as to leave time for informal contact with their staff. Peoples opinions are listened to. The number of managers has been halved from 24 to 12 and the company aims to recruit its managers from within. Finance Manager Steve Tuck believes that employees are motivated by seeing the improvement in the quality of life of service users. Its not unknown for people to take clients home for a meal. Put in ur own words. There are various forms of flexibility which organisations used to engage employees in an organisation Functional flexibility: These type of flexibility allows employees to make use of their competencies and skills to enable them move freely across the different channels of production. This type of flexibility is likely to be desired when the employee no longer has stable relationship with the organisation and it relies on training across the channels of production. Numerical flexibility: These flexibility depends on the ability of the organisation to increase or decrease its labour number as it chooses by hiring some temporary workers and employing people who will be given fixed contracts. Temporal flexibility: This type of flexibility involves adjustement of working hours to meet demands of production, part time working could be engaged in to handle intense peaks when needed. Financial flexibility: In financial flexibility labour cost is reduced with efforts put in by the organisation to secure profit making. Vlasios Sarantinos (2007) Below are examples of flexible working practise which employees make use of in an organisation: Part-time working: Its a form of work where employees are under a contract to work for less than the full time hours Term-time working: . in this working arrangement a staff remains on his or her permanent contract but can take paid/unpaid leave during school holidays. Job-sharing: This is a type of working arrangement where a job task is shared between two or more employees. Flexitime: in this working arrangements staffs are allowed to choose within a given time frame when they want to begin and end their work. Compressed hours: Compressed hours involve re allocating or reducing the set working hours into fewer and longer blocks during the week. Annual hours: The set time within which full-time staffs must work is defined over a whole year. Working from home on a regular basis: in this working arrangement the employees have a choice to work from home and report outcomes to their supervisor. Mobile working/teleworking: This allows staffs to work all or part of their working week at a location remote from the employers workplace. Career breaks: This are period in which the employee is allowed to go on break, it may be a career break or sabbatical. Chattered institute of personnel and development (2005) Flexibility is seen to be important in workplace to both employers and employees because it gives them an opportunity to organise the way they work in a way that will be comfortable with their personal lives. For employers flexible working can help retain staff who have the required and skill required by the employer, it also widens the talent pool in the job market enabling them to recruits potential workers with more skill and still retain the staffs that are loyal and committed which can lead to an increase in productivity and profitability(Confederation of British Industry 2009). Employers have realised that in order to provide quality services when needed by customers a flexible working system that involves the two parties is needed which makes the workforce flexible enough to adapt to changing business conditions. Recession has had an effect on organisation layout and operations causing a lot of people to loose their job and holding unto whatever they can lay their hands on. Th e effect recession has on flexible working can be viewed as both negative and positive. Negative, because it has led to an increase in the number of people working part time that would love to take up a full time job and positive from the employers perspective because employers respond to more flexibility which indicates that that there is a tendency for organisations to embrace flexible working to have as a new way of working in the organisation. We need increased flexibility in the work place if the economy is to return back to stable and sustained growth, and in order to do this we need to develop all resources available especially man power to help increase productivity and give the economy a competitive advantage. Employers may find it expensive introducing flexible working because of the cost it might incur, the business premises may have to be open for a longer period of time thereby increasing cost of heating and lightning(Confederation of British Industry 2009) . Flexible w orking also plays an important role to employees because it enables them to balance their job at work alongside their responsibilities at home because in the society today both men and women want flexible jobs which involves minimal travel to enable them share the responsibilities of raising a family. Flexible working improves the moral of employees and gives some a feeling of worth, it also reduces absence and lateness to work(The Women and Work Commission 2006) Flexible working has been seen to affect business by playing an important role to make sure that shifts are fully covered and services are maintained flexible working is needed in organisations ( British chambers of commerce, 2007). A flexible human capital practise makes organisations more stable, skilled and enthusiastic free from distractions, flexible working practisces helps organisations to attract talents, with the difference in generation of workers with varying lifestyle and working conditions, companies have to re organise their recruitment efforts, benefits plan, productivity incentives, work processes and work schedules in order to recruit qualified hands. Technological advancement also require that we think of how we can connect with people more effectively, organise teams and measure employees work performance when they work from home. Focused and talented employees who are on flexible schedules are likely to give out their best and be more committed to the goals and ob jectives of the organisation and deliver great value to customers who when satisfied continue to patronize the organisation thereby improving sales and boosting the companys image. flexibility also helps reduce cost associated with health care, overhead, labor, turn over and legal fees. Cost involved with labor can be reduced and profitability can be increased by using a flexible human capital practise in which you boost the output of one employee and efficiency among groups across the organisation and reduce waste as a result of poor concentration, loss of work time and mistakes.it reduces labor cost for the same output thereby increasing profitability. Flexibility also reduces health care cost because staffs have sufficient resources to meet the demands when they have control of planning their time, these flexible working practise reduces stress and depression faced by most employees which directly reduces health cost of the company. BOOK IMPACT OF FLEXIBILITY ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE. To raise morale and job satisfaction: flexible working increases the morale of employers to perform at their utmost best because they feel they are treated as adults who have control of their life and their time and they tend to perform at their utmost best when they are at work. To improve productivity/Quality : the need for producing a good quality product must be of paramount importance because there are cost associated with poor quality which dents the image of the organisation and makes customers unsatisfied, flexible working arrangement ensures fresh and capable hands at the production line at all times. When an employer is worn out down and his her shift is over another employee takes and continues the process of production.It also inspires and increases commitment an loyalty from staffs( Alison and Lou, 2001) Opposing flexibility Traditionally, flexibility has been seen as a characteristic of poor quality jobs (see for example De Witte, 1999; Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999), where employers have sought to achieve organisational flexibility by means of using non-standard working practices, such as part-time work and temporary employment. Reduced absence and employee turnover: Flexible working enables employees to take care of their personal obligations leading to a decrease in frequent absenteeism because they have more options to which their time can be managed and it helps skilled workers remain in the organisation because staffs are more likely to stay in the organisation. (British chambers of commerce, 2007). Reduced training costs : by introducing flexible working organisations retain trained employees there by saving up expenses that would have been used in training new staffs if the trained staffs were to exit. Promoting customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction can be improved where, customer service hours can be extended or shifted to periods when it is most required, and Workers with different skills can be attracted and retained because of the flexible work system in the organisation to help respond to diverse customer requirements. ( Success with flexible working practices, 1997). Book success with flexible work practise. Flexibility has been seen traditionally to characterise poor quality jobs De witte, 1999, Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999) because employers try to achieve flexible working environment in the organisation by using working practices that are not up to standard, It might have been predicted generally that access to flexible working arrangement would impact job satisfaction positively, it has also been discovered that a higher sense of responsibility and work completion affects job satisfaction positively ( Hyman and Summers, 2004; Igbaria and Guiraraes, 1999), However findings on the effect of remote working on job satisfaction varied, In some studies lack of social interaction has lead to a negative impact on job satisfaction due to feelings of isolation ( igbaria and Guimaraes, 1999), while some people tend to have a higher job satisfaction ( Baruch,2000). Igbaria meant that employees working in remote locations may perform low because they are not satisfied with their job and this may be due the fact that they have no one to interact with however Baruch said that some employees may actually enjoy working in remote locations and it tends to enchance their job performance. Flexible working offers employees choices to help them achieve a work life balance that is satisfactory. Stress which is one of the problems employees face has been linked to flexible working but flexible working does not seem to have an effect on reducing stress levels. Stress and anxiety may also be created by flexible working because an employee that works for a smaller amount of time or hours reduces but still has the same level of workload as someone working full time this tends to put pressure on the employee which might stress him or her out trying to cope with the work load (Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008) It has been suggested by some researchers that people who spend more time working remotely tend to have lower job stress ( Raghuram and Wiesenfeld, 2004) however (Mann and Holdsworth, 2003) said that people working remotely show more signs of mental ill health than those working in organisational premises. Some evidence was found by Tietze and musson (2005) of some worker who work remotely experiencing stress, they tend to experience stress which was linked with the self organisation required of their work, because it created new demands on them. An analysis linked to stress pointed the fact that flexible working time or flex time affected absenteeism positively, while compressed working practise had no effect Baltes et al, (1999).Baltes was saying that when workers were allowed to work with flexitime that means choosing when to resume and close work within a set time frame that it enabled them to always show up for work because they could adjust their schedule to meet up with the ti me they choose and that compressed working did not affect absenteeism positively or negatively. Remote workers were worried about the lack of opportunities to develop themselves which the employer denied them having including mentoring from senior colleagues and informal learning Cooper and Kurland (2002). Cooper discovered that concerns began to grow among workers working remotely that their absence was not felt by the organisation and they were neglected with no further course or training to further develop their skills, and because of these flexible workers tend to have lower long term career potential Frank and Lowe (2003).Although Mc Closkey and igbaria (2003) brought a contrasting a view saying dat flexible working had no direct or indirect effect on career prospects of employees. Cohen and Single (2001) found that professional staffs who worked reduced working hours were less able to spend time developing their skill which is one of the business factors important for a succes full career(Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008). Meaning that the less time professional workers spend in their workplace the less opportunity they get to learn new things. Business impact of flexible working The companys policies towards flexible working are reflected in its business outcomes. Since 1997, employment at the company has gone up from 60 to 280 staff and turnover has increased from  £1 million to  £9.5 million. Sickness absence has been reduced to 0.6 days a year, well below that for the care sector as a whole, which produces significant financial savings. The company also sees direct benefits in terms of staff recruitment and retention. Sandwell CCT came second in the Sunday Times 100 best companies to work for list in 2007, and first nationally in the work-life balance category. It also came first in the categories of managers who listen, managers motivating staff to give their best and training making a difference. It believes that this success has boosted the companys image as an employer. Employee turnover at Sandwell CCT is now 4%, compared with 20% or more across the care sector generally. Because staff enjoy their jobs, there is a high level of employee engagemen t and this is reflected in the quality of service and value for money. PUT IN UR OWN WORDS.

Company Information Of Sports Direct

Company Information Of Sports Direct In this e-business era all the companies are very much interested in attracting customers by presenting a nice looking website with all the relevant information. As a professional in E-commerce we would like to bring some comparative analysis of different competitors in sports business to highlight the best possible option to start an E-business in sports sector. In our survey we have chosen three well known companies who competes radically in the market, these are listed below with their website address: Sports Direct: http://www.sportsdirect.com JD Sports: http://www.jdsports.co.uk Kitbag: http://www.kitbag.com Though the above companies are performing similar business, but still their activities do not very resemble each other. These companies differ from each other from various pints of view; some of them are summarized below: Company information of Sports Direct: In sports business Sports Direct is controlling a whole range of steering in UK. This owns a wide range of elegant brands of products. Sports Direct is trading under its own name and also accompanied by some other companies like Lillywhites, McGurks, and Exsports as a group of companies. As a group of company they sell a wide range of owned brand such Dunlop, Slazenger, Lonsdale and the most famous 3rd party brands as Adidas, Nike, Umbro, Reebok and Puma. They claim themselves as the best sports goods retailers because of the readily availability of branded goods which makes them famous among others. Sports Direct along with its 359 outlets comprises different other companies as partners provides a great deal of offers which allows it be competitive in this trade. Strategically Sports Direct builds up the trading relationship with others so that they can run the business with less competition. Customer services: In trading business customers are the basic underpin on which companies run their operation. Customer satisfaction is a most powerful trigger of business. Sports Direct is always keen to provide good customer services all over the world. For serving the customer satisfactorily Sports Direct has the provision of updated information regarding best deal of products, which is a part and parcel in online businesses. They also take care of the customers by providing helpline, return policy, and secure payment method, online terms and conditions for shopping and so on. It also keeps in mind about the customers of European countries where it created a specialized site for them. Sports Direct also facilitates the customers by secured login support by which the customer can track down their account, which tells them the shopping details at any point of time. Customer information regarding the rights of customers: In E-commerce customers are treated as the weaker part of trade. Customers are those who purchase goods and services for consumption as well as for selling. There are lots of rules and regulation in UK to protect customers from fraud. Sports Direct provides the rights to its customer to have the terms and condition printed, get an overall ideas about the products in terms of price and quality, the rights to have the personal data safe according to terms and conditions, get the delivery all over the UK and also international through delivery partner Etail services LDT, return the defective goods, get a reasonable warranty, give complain for various issues, both the customers and the company has the right to accuse each other in case of any contractual breach to the court of England and Wales. Product warranties: In case of product warranty Sports Direct has just put up a statement which will satisfy the customers regarding the quality assurance as described in its website. This company doesnt give any warranty of virus or other malicious program free website. Design and ease of website use: The design of the website is mostly represented by the homepage where one can get all the relevant information about the company. In Sports Direct.com the home page is mostly contained of some of the inductive offers of products including little description of it. This site also contains an easily accessible and readable navigation bar, a search button, a display of shopping basket, a sign in option to open an account with the company, online payment options and company information in detail. The customers can find their suitable product that they are looking for from the navigation bar where it is given be the name or type of the products. The colour combination and the look and feel of the site is as expected. With all these information and navigation in the design it can be regarded as easily accessible site. Company information of JD Sports: JD Sports started its launch in 1981 and has grown up very quickly with about 400 stores gaining high reputation of selling own and third party brand of goods. Its overriding performance was basically based on the sales of third party brands e.g. Nike, Adidas, Reebok etc. In the rising trend JD Sports acquired many other stores to form the group of business as a competitive advantage. This sports giant has also included its corporate information e.g. share details, little bit of company structure, and the rate of growth which ultimately shows the high performing capacity of the company. In company information they have included a wide range of supplements to give a clear view of it. Customer services: All the businesses are dependent on the customers so they carry out vital activities for a company. In JD Sports they have given high priority to the customers with highly valuable services. For good services JD Sports has incorporated various activities like shopping pattern, delivery information, returning of defective goods, tracking system of order, secure site for payment and different product list including their respective sizes. It has also created a search button for finding the stores around the UK. Customer information regarding the rights of customers: According to the terms and conditions the customers are bound by the companys policy. The customers can only consume the products but not sell them outside as per company aim. Users of this site have access restriction to some parts of it, which reduces the rights of customers in a sense. In this site the rights of customers and other related entities are clearly stated. The company is not held liable for any damage of customers physical goods like computers through any kind of virus infections. So the customers do not have the right to complain against such sort of damages. JD Sports provides a legal right to customers to return defective goods at any point of time after purchasing and cancel the order within 7 (seven) days. Customers have the right to accuse the company regarding any illegal issues. Product warranties: JD Sports provides a warranty period of 28 days of purchasing. If the products do not satisfy the quality of purpose or fit for the purpose then the customer has the right to return back to the company. The company then either replace it or refund the full price after checking the defectiveness of faultiness of the products. JD Sports has also illustrated all the policies and procedures of returning goods under the regulation of product warranty. Design and ease of website use: In designing the website JD Sports has given tremendous efforts. It has differentiated the products gender wise and also age wise, so that the customers dont have to waste their precious time in finding specific products. The special offers are also incorporated and updated time to time under separate section. All these information has made the site wonderful in sense of design and easy accessibility. Company information of Kitbag.com: In the sports goods and accessories world Kitbag is one of the best company. The targeted area of business is mostly EU, but it has expanded its business to UK and US as well. They sell different third party branded products e.g. Nike, Adidas, Puma etc. through their shops and online. They have a wide range of products to sell from cloths, gifts or souvenirs to exercise equipments for all ages of customers. Kitbag.com site is a Hitwise award winner which built on their success day by day. As a sports giant with its associates Kitbag has the right of restricting the users of this site who have breached the terms and conditions. Customer services: As all the company tries harder for its customers, Kitbag also is not out of the community. For its most important stakeholder (customer) Kitbag has also provided enormous and attracting supports. For the customer services it has created a section to create personal account, help option, search button, currency differentiation button, making complains and comments. It has also provided an affiliate network options so that the customers can choose from a larger variety of others as well. Customer information regarding the rights of customers: Customers of Kitbag has all the basic right of using the website e.g. placing orders, easy way of secure payments, get the delivery all around the UK, US and EU, returning of goods, and keep the personal data protected with the company. It addition to this customers have also an important right to remove personal information recorded in the company database. In the return policy customer may return the goods within 14 days from purchase including all belongings with the good, but in that case recorded delivery is preferred by the company which may be a bit costly. Kitbag also allows the customers to cancel the orders in certain condition. Product warranties: Although a big company it hasnt provided clear and distinguished illustration about the products warranty. It has only depicted the information of returning defective goods in one section. Design and ease of website use: In the home page of this site all the relevant links are included from which customer can easily access their respective pages. In the menu bar all products ranges are enlisted to display the products name at a glance. To get the best and up to date offers Kitbag has kept a special search bar for the convenience of the customers. With all these circumferences of this site it can be considered as very well designed and easily accessible site. Comparative analysis of above competitors and proposal for best practice: In case of company information it is clearly revealed that Sports Direct has depicted all sorts of information regarding the company compared to two other companies. A company doing business in the civilized world should give the details of it to get people know about their intention and purpose. So in this perspective Sports Direct is further ahead than other two. In case of customer services JD Sports is very much close to standard. Because all three company has more or less support for customer services but JD Sports has a special section for services even in the site. In case of the third aspect which is customer rights Kitbag has priority over others. Sports Direct and JD Sports provide customers the right to perform basic activities when do some shopping from them, and Kitbag in addition give the right to erase customers personal detail from the company record which relieves the company from some sort of liability in case of any fraudulent activities by third party (hacker). In case product warranty JD Sports is superior to others. The reason is that JD Sports has specific time duration for product warranty with the illustration of refund policy in the site as well. In case of design and easy accessibility JD Sports scores the highest points. Because the texts in the site are fully readable, the product differentiation by gender and age group is transparent enough; all the links are on a finger tip of the customers. So, considering the above analysis and comparison I would like to advise the client to follow JD Sports online business strategy to set up their own business. They should also consider Sports Direct and Kitbag in respect of detail company information and terms and condition, and customer rights respectively. The ultimate target of this new business should be adopting a site which is dynamic, well defined, realistic, clear in view and finally most customer acceptable. Section 2: Company name and Intellectual Property To start a business a name for the company should be chosen. The name should be legally available and registered with proper authority. Before choosing the name the company type should be identified. Here we would suggest to have limited type of company, more specifically private limited company. We would suggest the name as Sports Craft limited company considering all the legal issues and registration regulation. The reason behind choosing this type of company is that, the shareholders are not liable for disaster in business or have limited liability. Other reasons behind the suggestion are of smaller size, shareholder flexibility in terms of number of shareholders, and executive authority formation of the company. As we would suggest a limited type of company, so the name should End with the word limited as Sports Craft Limited Company, The similar name should not be chosen, which is already in the index, The name cant be offensive to the people. If a name sounds same as another company it can be accepted by spelling differently for example, if there is another company name, called Kraft Sports Limited then our suggested name can be accepted, but it is better to select a unique name to avoid objection of other companies and get registration easily. Before applying for registration we would suggest to check the name at companies house website whether it is readily and legally available or not as opposed to similar name. After choosing the name, registering the company with authorised body will come up as a next step to take place. The registration in UK is done through a body named Companies House under the current companies act 2006. Some provisions or clause of companies act 2006 are not enforced so that the act of 1985 is also in force in respective areas. For the registration of the company you may choose to deal directly with the companies house or can go through the different agents those have experienced solicitors and accountants in the field of company formation. To start this registration process you should send off some documents with relevant fee to the companies house. The documents are as follows: A Memorandum of Association which includes the name, established location, and its function in business, it can be available from a law stationery or agent. Articles of Association which include full description of the way of running business (e.g. selling sports goods and providing good service to the customers online), rights and powers of stakeholders and company directors, it can be available from a law stationery or agent. A form 10 after completion which provides the details of company office, name and addresses of directors and secretary of Sports Craft Limited Company. A form 12 after completion which will provide the compliance of the Sports Craft Limited Company to the legal requirement of company formation. If the registered office needs to be in England or Wales the documents should be sent to companies house in Cardiff. These two types of forms are available in companies house as downloadable format. A private company like Sports Craft Limited Company must appoint correct number of directors and secretary according to its article of association and who should be formally qualified. The director of Sports Craft Limited Company should be over the age of 16 and at least one should be neutral to the company. After the company being formed some sort of notification should be sent to the companies house about: Appointing a new officer Resignation of the officer of the company Changes of details of an officer that was provided in Form 10 Changes of registered office address details. After all the necessary checks and examination which will be done by companies house regarding the name and relevant documents an incorporation certificate will be issued towards Sports Craft Limited Company. Advice on the trademark and domain name issues: Trademark is a distinguishable and graphically presented sign that a company can use for the goods or services they provide in respect to differentiate their products from others and is comprised of words, letters, alphanumeric, and also be a logo. Through the trade mark one can protect his/her personal property from infringement. The trade mark of a company can be protected by the Trade Mark Act 1994. If the member of Sports Craft Limited Company have seen a trade mark of a company in Canada and would like to use that as his own company mark, then we suggest to check first whether the Canadian company has the mark registered or not. If it is registered then the chance of having the mark is less. Even if the Canadian company hasnt registered the mark but it has reputation in business, then he can get it protected by the passing off rights. In case of trade mark the principle is Filing First but the not the Using first. If the Canadian company has the trade mark registered and its bus iness is not multinational or limited to Canada then Sports Craft Limited Company will be able to use that mark under the UK Trade Mark Act 1994. The above situation will also be considerable for Sports Craft Limited Company. If Sports Craft Limited Company wants to do business in Canada, then in case of any dispute the Canadian company has to prove that the mark is registered or applied before the application of Sports Craft Limited Company. But if the mark is not registered then Canadian company has to prove his reputation in doing the business in case of goods and services. The above suggestions should be followed by the newly formed company after examining all the possibilities by experts. These are all top level domain names but there is nothing to deal with level to get the name registered. In UK the domain name is registered through Nominate and it is done first come first serve basis. The domain name should be unique in every aspect. Domain name infringement is based on UK Trade Mark Act 1994 where if the mentioned three names are identical to any registered trade mark or any goods and services in any way then it will be called an infringement of domain name. Before choosing any of the names Sports Craft Limited Company has to investigate whether they are already registered or not. Literally it is evident that all three names are registered under the domain name registrar. Although they all are doing different business than Sports Craft Limited Company but due to the principle of uniqueness there is no chance to get those names as domain name. Those companies can make a dispute which will fall under Domain Name Envy where two or more company have similar domain nam e. Sports Craft Limited Company might be given right to have any of those three names if it attains good reputation or it already has the reputation in other business. In that case there is provision for reallocation of domain names and a dispute resolution procedure. There are seven issues concerned with the domain name dispute resolution which are as follows: Did the other party register the domain name before you registered yours? If not then you proceed on registering with any of the three mentioned names. Does either party own a registered trademark? Is the domain name generic? Does the domain include a celebritys name? Does the domain name include a well-known brand? Can you prove bad faith? How long has this been going on? After considering all the above issues you can decide to get a domain name from the three names. If you want to choose the domain name as, www.Sportscraft.com which has similar word like the mentioned others, so it may come under dispute resolution. In this case we would like to remind you about the case of Microsoft VS. MikeRoweSoft, where although Mike Rowe started a business in dissimilar domain name, but the software giant Microsoft made a dispute against him because of resemblance of the name. Section 3: Privacy and data protection Privacy in e-commerce draws the attention of world business people and also the consumers to protect themselves from fraud. Because of the vulnerability in online shopping customer are getting tensed and unwilling to visit any online shopping site irrespective of their shopping habit, which is a threat to e- business. Online fraudulence through malfunction security measures imposed the customers to and businessmen to pressurise the authority for developing regulatory policies for collecting and using of gathered personal data. So the importance of privacy and data protection should not be ruled over while starting an online business. The legal requirements of online business in respect of UK data protection act 1998 can be categorized as follows: The collection of personal data -Get consent from the customers by using a check box -Sending email and text messages for marketing reasons -Making automated calls -Faxing -Sending cookies The above marketing strategy for goods and services requires the prior consent of the customers. The UK e-privacy regulations control these activities with the help of data protection act 1998. Data trafficking Routing of data Duration of keeping the data. Reason behind keeping the personal data for longer period Location data Identification of the customers location Transfers and usage of personal data need to be regulated Fare use of data Adequacy, relevancy, and range of excessiveness of personal data Accuracy and security of personal data while transferring Three main issues in website privacy policy are: Securely and fairly processing of customers personal data Secondary or reuse of data by authorised company and by third party, where transfer of personal data should be restricted. Accessibility in financial information and use of cookies to recognize past customers. Now we would like to advise our client in respect of collecting personal data for business and reutilization purposes. In collecting the personal data the above legal issues or requirements should be fulfilled by the company. In descriptive way we would suggest the company the following: The personal information should be collected for legal and purposeful reason. The collected data should be kept secured and processed fairly which means prevent the third parties to access and carryout the examining of data. The personal information should not be kept for longer than needed unless some exceptions such as investigation for crime, terrorism under the investigatory powers act 2000 or crime and security act 2001 or otherwise for billing purposes. For billing purposes the personal data can be stored for duration of six years. The customers can have the power of erasing their information from the database of the company by using technology. The transfer of information to third party should require consent from the customers. The transfer of personal information should be prohibited to outside business region unless there is enough security and protection of those data. The transfer of data should not be rejected for the reasons of contract formation, public interest, legal proceedings, taxation, national security, and information commissions office authorization. The racial identity information is treated as sensitive personal information which can come under ethnic group. The racial identity information should be kept and processed with more care than the standard personal information such as it must satisfy the fair and lawful processing together with one of mentioning conditions: 1) explicit consent of customers, 2) secure the interest of the customers, and 3) to secure the legality of the information. Section 4: Advertising and marketing: The e-commerce advertisement should have the characteristics of Truthfulness/transparency: Where marketing communication should not be misleading by faulty and ambiguous information. Safe from customer vulnerability: This means the customers should not be motivated or enticed to commit dangerous activities resulting in social unrest. Descent in respect of content: Marketing communication should not contain anything on the platform of racial, religious, sexual orientation and disability. Reality of promotional offer: Where promotional goods and services should maintain the normal quality with mentioning the correct duration, and promoters should not be disappointed in any situation. Fair competitiveness And secured linking. The site design should be clear enough to be understood by the customers. All the products are meant to be available for delivery as advertised for promotion unless any exception included in the terms and conditions. The price content should not include any hidden charges. Direct marketing can be introduced with the legal perspective and customer consent. There is no actual legislation for controlling the content of advertisement. But some rules or code of conduct regulate the e-commerce advertising which are relevant to the trade, marketing and advertising in respective fields. The code of practice provides a self-regulatory environment which can be implemented in accordance with legislation or independently for dispute resolutions. The design of advertisement should comply with the code to rely on the legality, decency, honesty, truthfulness, and consumer confidence for marketing arrangements. The following brief discussion of two UK laws regulating the content of advertisement would provide you some transparent view of advertising online. 1. Trade description act 1968: The trade description act started enforcing since 30th November 1968. With the replacement and extendibility of previous trade legislation the trade description act 1968 enforce the business men providing actual description of goods and services in terms of price, size etc. The Trade Description Act consists of subsections which comply with the trading as follows: A) The business activities by a company can be treated as an criminal offensive action under the Trade Description Act 1968 when the business organization, Present any goods and services in fictitious way in terms of price, size and the quality. Make available such goods for supplying to customers which do not comply with the stated description in advertisement. Provide fake and vague statement of different service facilities to confuse the customers and entice them to buy or use them. B) Describing the trading pattern in terms of products, services, facilities, and the ultimate quality of them include The dimension of the above in sense of size, quantity Production mechanisms such as manufacture, processing Content in terms of which is composed of Quality assurance against the description Results of testing and the approval from respected authority Time duration of the goods and services understandable by the customers. Under the Trade Description Act 1968 any false indication for any sort of goods and services by the trader is a punishable offense. For example the traders are not allowed to present or sell any products with the presentation of any royal family members or any famous person, even if the permission is granted from them. The failure of fulfilling any services stated by the trader is an offense and can be sued by the customers without the involvement of the Act. Spoken statement is outside the reach of the legislation, hence the compensation are not taken into consideration under this Act. Then it can be finalised with the help of civil law if the court thinks it perfect. 2. Misrepresentation Act 1967: The Misrepresentation Act 1967 came in to force in 22 March 1967 by the amendment of two sections of Sales of goods Act 1893. Under this Act the following should be considered: A) If any contract is formed with the misrepresentation of any products then the customers are entitled to cancel the contract without averring the fraudulent activities. B) Where the customers are in a contract by the misrepresentation in advertisement and suffer a massive loss is entitled to claim for damages on the proof of fraudulent misrepresentation and vice versa. C) If a contract is made between two parties with misrepresentation of products subject to accepting any terms and conditions regarding unintentional misrepresentation by the customers, then the traders may not be liable for any damage caused by it as long as it satisfy the section 11(1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. D) The trader should not represent any products which can be presumably considered as someone elses product that has reputation or registered trademarks in the market. Conformity of advertisement to those laws: As mentioned above about the design or characteristics of Sports Craft Limited Company advertisement, we would like to relate the Trade Description Act 1968 to a) customer vulnerability, b) promotional offers for various products which should be described in clears view and compliance to the relevant products, c) fair competition in case of accurate information about the products advertised on line, d) price tagging where there should be no hidden charges, and e) secured linking of third party advertisement where the trader describes the products with appropriate information. Also the Misrepresentation Act 1967 can be conformed to the a) truthfulness/ transparency of presenting a particular product, b) decency of content of the site, where representing any violated information can result in social hazards. Advise in regard to direct marketing to athletes: The direct email marketing is a campaign through advertisement to reach the targeted people with the ultimate purpose of selling products and differs from other traditional types of marketing strategy. It can be in a form of digital text, HTML, spamming as unsolicited mail etc. To start the email marketing a number of regulations should be taken into considerations which comply with the unsolicited electronic messages sent through different communication media. The most important condition to consider first is that, the unsolicited electronic marketing is only possible with the permission of recipients in this case the athletes. These conditions are complied with the European Communities Ordinance 2004 and the Data Protection Act 1998 for the communication with individuals and organizations. The exceptions of this regulation are as follow: The unsolicited mail or spam can be sent to athletes if their personal information has been gathered in case of any sale of products take place. In case of marketing similar products In case marketing giving the opportunity to unsubscribe the marketing arrangement by the customers while giving p

Outline Of Consciousness :: essays research papers

Section 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defining Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Making plans for dates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking back about good times with your friends. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early psychologists and their studies i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When early psychologists studied the mind, they studied consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Wundt (late 1880’s) had subjects report contents of consciousness while working, falling asleep, and sitting still. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud (1900’s) wrote that needs, desires, and influences are part of the conscious and people have different levels of consciousness. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Started by French philosopher Rene Descartes stated that mind and body are separate, but interacting. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism says that one thing cannot exist without it’s opposite. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cannot exist without darkness. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good cannot exist without the presence of evil. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The body cannot function without the mind, and so forth. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materialism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that our mental activity is rooted in the brain. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dominant perspective with modern psychologists. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tends to take a less black and white view of â€Å"consciousness† versus â€Å"unconsciousness.† iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that you are more aware of certain mental processes over others. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, doing the same routine at work and time seems to go by faster. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists ignore the unconscious. They call it the deliberate versus the automatic. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different levels of Consciousness i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud and other cognitive psychologists came up with this theory. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is a continuum. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alert attention b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreaming c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypnosis d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug-induced states 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone who isn’t paying attention is still conscious, just not â€Å"as conscious† as someone that is alert. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believes that drinking will bring you into a lower level of consciousness. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are in a state of consciousness that is different from what you normally are, you are in an altered state of consciousness. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you are asleep, however, you are in a state of â€Å"turned off† consciousness. (Hobson, 1994) ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metacognition 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being able to think about their own thinking. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May allow them to access levels of consciousness that are not available to other people. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, people’s natural sleep timers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researched by asking people to track their consciousness, alertness, and moods over a length of time. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Found out that there is a natural rhythm to consciousness. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions of Consciousness 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to monitor our mental and physical states. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to control our mental and physical states, to an extant. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is consciousness? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General state of being aware of and responsive to events in the environment, as well as one’s own mental processes. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theories of Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several researchers suggested biological theories of consciousness. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used evolution of the brain as the key to consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaynes (1976) believed that consciousness came from the different functions of the hemispheres of the brain. Outline Of Consciousness :: essays research papers Section 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defining Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Making plans for dates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking back about good times with your friends. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early psychologists and their studies i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When early psychologists studied the mind, they studied consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Wundt (late 1880’s) had subjects report contents of consciousness while working, falling asleep, and sitting still. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud (1900’s) wrote that needs, desires, and influences are part of the conscious and people have different levels of consciousness. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Started by French philosopher Rene Descartes stated that mind and body are separate, but interacting. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism says that one thing cannot exist without it’s opposite. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cannot exist without darkness. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good cannot exist without the presence of evil. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The body cannot function without the mind, and so forth. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materialism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that our mental activity is rooted in the brain. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dominant perspective with modern psychologists. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tends to take a less black and white view of â€Å"consciousness† versus â€Å"unconsciousness.† iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that you are more aware of certain mental processes over others. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, doing the same routine at work and time seems to go by faster. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists ignore the unconscious. They call it the deliberate versus the automatic. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different levels of Consciousness i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud and other cognitive psychologists came up with this theory. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is a continuum. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alert attention b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreaming c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypnosis d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug-induced states 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone who isn’t paying attention is still conscious, just not â€Å"as conscious† as someone that is alert. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believes that drinking will bring you into a lower level of consciousness. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are in a state of consciousness that is different from what you normally are, you are in an altered state of consciousness. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you are asleep, however, you are in a state of â€Å"turned off† consciousness. (Hobson, 1994) ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metacognition 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being able to think about their own thinking. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May allow them to access levels of consciousness that are not available to other people. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, people’s natural sleep timers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researched by asking people to track their consciousness, alertness, and moods over a length of time. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Found out that there is a natural rhythm to consciousness. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions of Consciousness 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to monitor our mental and physical states. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to control our mental and physical states, to an extant. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is consciousness? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General state of being aware of and responsive to events in the environment, as well as one’s own mental processes. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theories of Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several researchers suggested biological theories of consciousness. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used evolution of the brain as the key to consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaynes (1976) believed that consciousness came from the different functions of the hemispheres of the brain.

Lord of the flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies from a Psychology Viewpoint In the book, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding, there were many things that happened that relate well to what we have been doing in Psychology 181. There were several times when I found myself relating what we learned in class to the situation that the group of boys in the book found themselves in. The knowledge that I have learned has helped me understand and try to figure out why some of the characters acted the way they did. I found the whole thing very interesting. In this report I will demonstrate what I have found to be some of the most interesting points of psychology that were incorporated in â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. This will prove to be a difficult, but inspiring task. The first thing I noticed was we stereotype people as soon as we meet them. Another, interesting psychological finding that was in the book was that the boys had to fill the basic need. This relates to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Finally, in doing this report I get to incorporate another interesting point of psychology. That is that I am doing a report from secondary source in perspective of the boys on the island. That is with the assumption that the book is a true story that happened to this group of kids. Stereotyping played a big part in the book. From the first setting, well the first page, there was stereotyping going on. This played a big part in the book as it does in our everyday lives. The story line of the book is that there is a plane full of young boys flying over an ocean. When the plane goes down hitting an island and some of the boys make it, none of the adults do. This leaves the boy on an island to survive while they wait to be rescued. In the opening act of the book the stereotyping begins. There is a kid (Ralph) who is walking on the island when he meets up with another kid (Johnny better known as Piggy). Piggy makes an assumption about Ralph before they hardly meet. Piggy puts trust in Ralph by telling him a nickname that he had in school and hated. Piggy did all these things before he knew Ralph based on a stereotype than he could trust Ralph.

Machiavelli: Personal and Political Implications Essay -- Michiavelli

Machiavelli: Personal and Political Implications "And since it is Fortune that does everything, it is she who wishes us to leave her alone, to be quiet and not give her trouble, and wait until she allows us to act again; then you will do well to strive harder, to observe things more closely...." (67)* Letter to Francesco Vettori in Rome December 10, 1513. Machiavelli is praised for the political implications of his writing in The Prince. However, many do not see the personal implications of Machiavelli's work, because the motivations for action are spoken in terms of political domination and the acquisition of power. There are underlying principles that speak of domination not only of cities and nations, but the domination of the opportunities placed before each individual. The Prince can be read in a different manner; as a manual for daily life and the maximization of opportunity. The mere notion that Machiavelli, a former servant to a Republican government who praises the role of principality, exemplifies his belief that adversity can be a blessing that has not been considered or planned. In The Prince, Machiavelli devotes special attention to the lives of Cesare Borgia and Pope Julius II; men who turned even the most trying circumstances into an opportunity to advance. With careful analysis of The Prince, from the perspective of pe rsonal actions, certain fundamental principles for living are revealed by Machiavelli. The most prominent theme which Machiavelli introduces, and it is the basis upon which he praises Pope Julius II and Cesare Borgia, is to create opportunity where none seems apparent. The first step to achieving the greatness of Borgia and Pope Julius II is to utilize foresight. Princes, according to Mac... ... the political and into the world of the common man, whose virtuous lives make the path of the prince a much smoother one. Moreover, men who appear common can reach the inner sanctum of glory by utilizing the rare instinctive natures given to them. This idea is supported by the author's own self-perception as a commoner who transforms himself nightly by putting on "curtail robes" and entering his study (10). While Machiavelli restricts himself to the praise of princes through his writing, he opens the door to making each person's life meaningful through a healthy perspective of trials and the encouragement to be brave against anything that Fortune may bring. For not all men can prepare to conquer the world, but no one need be deprived of the ability to conquer opportunity. Works Cited: Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Arlington Heights: Harlan Davidson, 1947

Hazara History Essay

1. I’ve always been against the persecution of minorities 2. It has badly affected the image of the country throughout the world 3. More than 800 Hazaras have been killed only in Pakistan during the last decade Don’t confuse HAZARA with HAZARAWAAL HAZARA: the separate Persian speaking ethnic group mostly living in Afghanistan HAZARAWAL: The people living In HAZARA District, in KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA province of Pakistan. HINDKU is their mother tongue. Theories about their origin: The first theory suggests that they are the descendants of Mongolians and Turks; this theory is supported by some of the historians as their facial features and many parts of their language and cultures resemble to those of the Mongols and central Asian Turks. The second theory suggests that they are the descendants of KUSHANS, the ancient residents of Afghanistan, who entered the northeast Afghanistan in the 2nd century. Another one tells that HAZARA are the heirs of Genghis Khan, who in the twelfth century invaded Afghanistan and destroyed almost the whole country. Some of his army was left which mixed with the locals of Afghanistan. Their population across the world * About 4 million HAZARAS living in Afghanistan, especially in the central mountainous region known as HAZARAJAT * Another 7 to 8 Lac population living in Pakistan, mostly in Quetta, Baluchistan province of Pakistan * Around 3 Lac HAZARAs travelled to Iran in the late 19th century. The History of their Persecution: According to the CIA world fact book, HAZARAS once were the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, constituting 67% of the total population of the country. They lived in HAZATAJAT quite independently. When Amir Abdul Rehman took over of the country, he, in his mission of expanding the circles of his rule, subjugated the local HAZARAS, killing more than 60% of their population. Others were either enslaved or forced to flee Afghanistan. Here begins the history of their migration to Pakistan. 1. In Afghanistan * Reign of Amir Abdul Rahman (1880-1901) * Rise of Taliban (1993) 2. In Pakistan * Why are they persecuted? * Theories on the reasons why they spent a long time being persecuted * The role of secret and law enforcement agencies * My comments http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Hazaras.html#b http://dawn.com/2012/06/29/hope-fades-away-for-hazaras-of-pakistan/ http://tribune.com.pk/story/463711/quetta-violence-three-hazaras-gunned-down-in-separate-incidents/